Abstract: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a  common complication of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. PVR is caused by the complex pathologic reactions involving variety of cell componets, vitreous, extracellular matrix, and soluble  autocrine or paracrine cell factors. Glial cells, retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) cells, RPEderived cells, fibroblasts cells, fibroblastlike cells and macrophage  cells are believed to assume an important roles in the etiology and progression of PVR. Compared with the cell components and extracellular matrix, the cell factors such as pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor\|α(TNF\|α), tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs), plateletderived growth factors (PDGFs) and plateletderived growth factor receptor (PFGFR) are not neglectable. The relative cell biology and molecular machenisms with PVR are still elucidated.  Clinical intervention before PVR developing are focusing as one of the promising avenues for the pervention and treatment of PVR. Clinical trials on the clinical efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU),  lowmolecularweight heparin (LMWH), daunorubicin, and 13cisretinoic acid for PVR have yielded diverse results.  (Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2013, 37: 367-373)